By Reza Parchizadeh
Freedom of expression is virtually nonexistent in Iran. According to
Reporters Without Borders’ 2013 Press Freedom Index, Iran stands at the
174th place – the 6th from the bottom – among the 179 countries assessed
with regard to freedom of expression or lack thereof. That is why The
UN Refugee Agency has dubbed Iran the “Middle East’s biggest prison for
journalists.”
In the absence of freedom of expression in Iran,
power has been concentrated in the hands of the Islamic Republic and its
functionaries who hold a strict monopoly on the media. As such, they
don’t allow others to freely express their opinions on political,
social, cultural, environmental, etc. issues and problems, which has
largely contributed to the creation of a monophonous and monolithic
state in Iran. This in turn has forced many Iranian writers,
journalists, critics, dissidents, and… to seek freedom of expression
elsewhere, usually at a high price, in the face of many adversities and
even at risk of losing their lives. In fact, it can be said that
virtually all the Iranian public platforms that in one way or another
oppose or criticize the regime in Iran are based overseas, especially in
Europe and North America.
Among these platforms, the link-sharing websites, due to their giving
the users more authority in determining the content of the website – a
rather “democratic” feature obviously absent from the mainstream Iranian
media, have been very popular. One of the more successful websites in
that trend has been Balatarin. According to its Wikipedia page,
“Balatarin (Persian: بالاترین, lit., highest) is a Persian language
social and political link-sharing website aimed primarily at Iranian
audiences. Balatarin does not generate news in-house but provides a hub
where users can post links to webpages of their choice, vote on their
relevance or significance, and post comments.” Though established long
before that, Balatarin came to light since the fraudulent presidential
elections of 2009 in Iran due to its independent citizen and journalist
users’ sharing the news of and the announcements for the demonstrations
against the election results.
However, as time went by and as the
website gathered momentum and attracted lots of attention, Balatarin
itself began to demonstrate repressive tendencies. In waves of purges,
the accounts of the well-known and prestigious users (or rather, IDs)
were suspended by the management on the grounds that they had breached
Balatarin’s protocol; and the website in general took a more
conservative turn with respect to allowing for any kind of content
criticizing or opposing the Islamic Republic, so much so that even once a link considered – of course, by the management – to be offensive to the
Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei – because it had made fun of him – was
removed from the website regardless of the fact that it had attained
high rates by the users.
 |
The users complaining about Balatarin’s removing of a link whose
content had made fun of
the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei |
A prestigious user, Sadeq Rahimi, who is an Iranian-Canadian
clinician and blogger, has dramatically documented the most well-known
of these ongoing purges on December 18, 2010 in his weblog, Cultural
Logic, under the title “Coup in Balatarin”. As he recounts, “A few
minutes ago, the Balatarin management, in an overwhelming and
unprecedented crackdown, not only removed a great number of links, but
also closed down the accounts of many users (unfortunately, like in the
case of [mass] executions by the Islamic Republic, no mechanism exists
[through which] to find out about the exact number of the victims of
this Balatarin crackdown, but you can see a partial list below)…. It is
to be added that the Balatarin management has also taken away the
ability to send out invitations from the users. As is clear, Balatarin
has carried out a complete coup. Those whose accounts were shut down
were mostly popular users who, by sharing links with content against
censorship, had protested against the recent trend of widespread
censorship on Balatarin.” Rahimi then lists 302 users whose accounts
were closed by the management. As it happens, he even put up an
effort to encourage the users and other concerned parties to file a complaint against Balatarin with Reporters Without Borders, apparently
with no success.
 |
| Sadeq Rahimi’s blog: “Coup in Balatarin” |
After that clampdown, Balatarin issued a statement in which it
announced that since Balatarin was not a real society, therefore it
could not be governed by the norms of a real society, i.e. through
democracy. The statement also paralleled the crackdown on Balatarin’s
users with a teacher’s preemptive measure against naughty kids at school
who would disturb other good kids. According to this statement,
expelling two naughty kids from school, though not “just”, is a
“logical” measure to take in order for the good kids to thrive. However,
some naughty kids, i.e. users opposing censorship, were eventually
allowed to return to the active life on Balatarin by literally “atoning”
for their erratic behavior. Rahimi has explicitly stated this in his
blog on the coup, and has provided the link to the statement by the
Balatarin management asking the users for atonement. The users were
directed to send “blank emails” to the management, indicating, according to the management’s description, that “I have calmed down and would like to be part of your community in calmness”.
 |
| Guideline for “atonement”. Mitra is known to be a sister to Mehdi
Yahyanejad (Balatarin’s founder and manager), and she seems to be
working in a managerial capacity on Balatarin. The users sometimes
address her as “Balayar”, which means that she is a top moderator of the
website. The link containing this statement by her has been removed
from Balatarin, but I had already turned it into a PDF. |
Many users, however, just sank into silence or chose to go away
forever. And this was only one in a string of mass crackdowns by
Balatarin that would alienate the more prestigious and intellectual
users who had contributed to the creation of the keenly critical aura
that had made Balatarin an epicenter of political change. In hindsight,
it can be seen that the continuous crackdowns by Balatarin on its
independent users directly contributed to the decline of the Farsi
blogsphere which in turn opened the way for the return of the regime’s
discourse to and then its dominance on the net, because the critical
independent bloggers who had thrived by posting their blogs to Balatarin
would be denied an important popular public platform after each
crackdown. As a result, some of the most qualitied weblogs that
criticized the regime would gradually go down and eventually cease.
Around six months after the first large-scale crackdown, one of the
Balatarin old users called “Andisheh” (Intellect) drew a very tragic
portrait of Balatarin and the Farsi blogsphere in a long elegy that
itself can be the subject of a separate article.
As such, these
days links with “substantial” critical content against the regime rarely
get posted to Balatarin, and even if posted, hardly get a chance to
become visible on the website due to employment of a selective process
by the management that favors links with little or no criticism of the
regime in general, or at most links that offer no substantial threat to
the regime. Instead, the bulk of the content is now purportedly inclined
towards supporting a particular faction of the Islamic Republic
called “The Reformists” who have long penetrated the media in the West
by mass-migrating to the Western countries.
As a matter of fact, a
great host of Balatarin users have long been complaining about harsh
censorship and slanted presentation of content in favor of the so-called
Reformists, even in breach of Balatarin’s own internal regulations.
Now, these Reformists are mainly the followers of the two former
presidents Hashemi and Khatami who, though standing at some angle with
respect to the Supreme Leader, still advocate the continuation of the
same state structure in Iran, i.e. without any fundamental change
towards democracy. The incumbent President, Hassan Rouhani, backed by
both Hashemi and Khatami, can be said to constitute a somewhat more
conservative continuation of the Reformists’ discourse.
As a
result, it has been many times claimed, both by its users and others,
that Balatarin, though receiving aid from organizations worldwide that
have a concern for freedom of expression and democracy, and also
benefiting from Google service in order to seemingly protect itself from
the cyber-attacks by the Islamic Republic, in effect toes the line of
the Islamic Republic (or at least a faction of it), the very political
entity that it became known for opposing in the first place.
Recently,
an old user and a well-known political activist, Abbas Khosravi Farsani,
has claimed that Balatarin sells or in whatever manner puts the users’
information at the disposal of the Islamic Republic. He has claimed that
it was in fact his own incognito activities on Balatarin that led to
his arrest a couple of years ago by the Islamic Republic’s Ministry of
Intelligence.
Farsani, who by that time was one of the top
doctoral students in Western Philosophy at University of Isfahan in
Iran, used to be a prolific blogger and a political activist who worked
incognito, using fake but well-known IDs. He was later forced to flee
Iran as he was about to face a heavy sentence, and has since been living
abroad as a political refugee. He says that when the agents of the
Ministry raided his house, they even had his IP (Internet Protocol) with
them, and showed it to him on the spot.
According to Farsani, as
Balatarin was the only website that – as a mandatory measure – had
access to his IP, and as some of the IDs that were then intimately in
touch with him now appear to have top moderating responsibilities with
strong pro-regime tendencies on Balatarin, Farsani claims that he
is certain it was Balatarin that sold his information to the
Intelligence Ministry, and that he sees this as his inalienable right to
bring charges against Balatarin at an impartial court of justice in due
time.
 |
| Abbas Khosravi Farsani accusing Balatarin of collaborating with the Islamic Republic’s Ministry of Intelligence |
As a matter of fact, this is not the first time that Balatarin and
some of its users are accused of being related in some way to the
Ministry of Intelligence. In a most important instance, four years ago,
when the upheaval of the post-presidential elections of 2009 was just
beginning to recede, while some of the well-known Balatarin users were
chit chatting under a typically mundane link, all of a sudden a heated
argument about those events flares up. Amidst the argument, one of the
users called “Fox”, apparently angry with another user called
“Sashtyani”, reveals a secret about him that, according to
Sashtyani, only an agent could have known. Another user, “Gomnamian”,
brings this revelation to the attention of the other users. The argument
goes like:
Fox [addressing Sashtyani]: I wanna ask you a
question. Please tell me the truth. Not that it matters if you don’t,
because there is no need for your answer. When you had gone to Turkey,
weren’t you temporarily arrested by the Turkish police?
Sashtyani
[addressing Fox]: I know something when I say you are an agent of the
Ministry of Intelligence! When I was in Turkey, I was arrested for
attempting to write graffiti on the wall of the Islamic Republic Embassy
in Ankara, and I was later released with the intervention of the Dutch
Embassy. Only the embassy staff and my lawyer would know about that
incident. Not even my closest friends knew about it, so I conclude that
you are an agent of the regime. I had many times brought this to the
others’ attention, and I am happy now that you have at last exposed
yourself.
This argument is immediately followed by
Gomnamian’s comments. According to Gomnamian, that same Fox had indeed
been behind the mass expulsion of the formerly mentioned three hundred
and counting users by Balatarin by having started an incident that would
lead to a split between the users and the management. Incidentally,
again according to Gomnamian, the Balatarin management had supported
Fox’s stance during that incident. It is to be mentioned that this
Gomnamian would later reveal his identity. He is an Iranian blogger
living in England, and he has introduced himself as Yashar Parsa.
 |
| The crux of the argument between Fox & Sashtyani that Gomnamian
brings to light in the comment sections of two separate links. Both
links have been removed from Balatarin, but I had already turned them
into PDF. |
In the end, the instances referenced in this article are only a
handful from a great pool of references that claim Balatarin severely
violates freedom of expression in favor of the Islamic Republic, either
by continually suppressing and occasionally purging the critical users,
or by mostly allowing for material that is hardly critical of the
regime. Some of these, in addition to those already mentioned, include
Nevertheless, the Balatarin management, though
in charge of a public platform benefitting from humanitarian aid for
propagating freedom of expression and democracy, has never shown any
hint of public responsibility as to publicly and officially answer the
charges brought against it. As a result, this piece has been penned in
order to issue a warning to all those who care for the freedom of
expression anywhere around the world and especially in Iran, and also to
demonstrate that how public resources meant for good intentions can be
used in achieving dubious ends when there is no informed and responsible
supervision.
**************
* Follow-up: A shorter version of my article
was originally posted to Iranian.com (in English) on April 7, 2015. The
article with Mr. Farsani’s claims had already attracted a lot of
attention and generated a great deal of argument. When it was followed
by the short version of my article, interest was renewed and controversy
continued on a more heated level. However, as soon as my article
appeared on the net, the article referencing Farsani’s claims
disappeared, first from Khodnevis where it had been originally posted,
and then from Balatarin where it had been shared.
A little
later, the Khodnevis’ editor-in-chief, Nikahang Kowsar, issued a statement in which he ascribed the removal of that article to
“insufficient evidence”, ironically after he had let it stand there on
the net for around two months. Kowsar himself had many times accused
Balatarin of censorship. A Farsi translation of my article was also
silently – that is, without notifying me –removed from Iran Global, and the PDF that I had created from the article containing
Farsani’s claims on Khodnevis and had uploaded on MediaFire was also
taken down as a result of a Balatarin complaint. To top that all, my original article in English was removed from Iranian.com on 4/17/15.
Most recently, Farsani has written an inflammatory open letter to both
Nikahang Kowsar and Mehdi Yahyanejad, the Khodnevis and Balatarin
managers respectively, accusing them of conspiring against freedom of
expression. In that letter, Farsani has revealed that the true reason
behind the removal of the article containing his claims from Khodnevis
and Kowsar’s taking a dramatic turn has been Yahyanejad’s contacting
Kowsar and threatening him. As Farsani says, Yahyanejad had even
attempted to contact him in private, but he had refused and replied that
Yahyanejad had better state whatever he would in public.
It is
to be noted that this article went through many reconsiderations. During
the time of composition, a number of primary sources referenced in this
article were strangely removed from the net. However, I was always one
step ahead of the removers by making copies of those sources and placing
them in safekeeping with various friends. Some of those copies have
been used in this article while many more have been kept for a time when
referencing them becomes an absolute necessity.
P.S.: Some of the online sources keep “flickering”. Sometimes they are there and sometimes not. I hope they can overcome their doubts and finally come down on one side, if for nothing else than for their own good.
**************
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